Brown Shades On Wool
Brown is a very important colour, of which there is an infinite
variety of shades and it can be dyed in a great variety of ways and
from a variety of dye-stuffs, as will be seen on looking through the
recipes which follow, although these do not by any means exhaust the
methods by which browns may be dyed on woollen goods, but they may be
taken as representative and will serve to show by what combinations of
dyes variou
#With Direct Dyes.# Brown.--Make the dye-bath with 1 lb. Nyanza
Black B, 2 lb. Congo Brown R, and 20 lb. Glauber's salt, working at
the boil for one hour; then lift, wash and dry.
#With Acid Dyes.# Yellow Brown.--Make the dye-bath with 1 lb. Azo
Carmine, 1 lb. Fast Yellow, 1 lb. Indigo Carmine D, 10 lb. Glauber's
salt, and 2 lb. sulphuric acid. A good shade is thus obtained.
Olive Brown.--Use 3/4 lb. Azo Acid Violet 4 R, 2 lb. Fast (p. 162)
Yellow, 3 oz. Fast Green bluish, 10 lb. Glauber's salt, and 2 lb.
sulphuric acid, working at the boil for one hour; then lift, wash and
dry.
Dark Chestnut.--Dye in a bath containing 6-1/2 oz. Patent Blue V,
3-1/4 oz. Acid Violet V, 1 lb. Azo Yellow, 2 lb. Orange No. 2, 10 lb.
Glauber's salt, and 2 lb. sulphuric acid, working at the boil for one
hour; then lift, wash and dry.
Mouse.--Make the dye-bath with 4 oz. Patent Blue V, 1-2/3 oz. Acid
Violet N, 13 oz. Orange G, 10 lb. Glauber's salt, and 2 lb. sulphuric
acid.
Deep Seal.--Dye in a bath containing 1 lb. Orange G G, 1/2 lb.
Patent Blue J 3, 1/2 lb. Azo Yellow, 3-1/4 oz. Acid Violet N, 10 lb.
Glauber's salt, and 2 lb. sulphuric acid.
Deep Brown.--Make the dye-bath with 1-3/4 lb. Chromotrop 2 R,
1-1/4 lb. Victoria Yellow, 4 lb. Keton Blue G, 2-1/2 oz. Acid Violet
5 B E, 25 lb. Glauber's salt, and 4 lb. sulphuric acid, working at the
boil for one hour.
Walnut.--A fine shade can be dyed with 1-3/4 lb. Azo Acid Magenta G,
14-1/2 oz. Patent Blue V, 3/4 lb. Victoria Yellow, 15 lb. Glauber's
salt and 2 lb. sulphuric acid.
Olive Brown.--Make a dye-bath with 2 lb. sulphuric acid, 10 lb.
Glauber's salt, 1 lb. Azo Fuchsine G, 1/2 lb. Fast Yellow, and 1/2 lb.
Fast Green extra bluish.
Dark Olive Brown.--A very fine shade can be dyed with 1 lb. Fast
Acid Violet 10 B, 1-1/2 lb. Orange 11, 1/2 lb. Fast Green bluish,
7 oz. Fast Yellow, 20 lb. Glauber's salt, and 3 lb. sulphuric acid.
Walnut.--Use 1 lb. Cyanole, 1 lb. Orange extra, 1/2 lb. Archil
Substitute N, 10 lb. Glauber's salt and 2 lb. sulphuric acid, working
at the boil for one hour.
Dark Seal.--Use 1 lb. Cyanole, 1 lb. Orange extra, 10 lb. Glauber's
salt and 2 lb. sulphuric acid.
Golden Brown.--A fine shade is dyed with 1-1/4 lb. Victoria (p. 163)
Yellow, 9-1/2 oz. Chromotrop 2 R, 3-1/2 oz. Patent Blue V, 10 lb.
Glauber's salt and 2 lb. sulphuric acid.
#With Mordant Dyes.# Golden Brown.--Make the dye-bath with 1 lb.
Diamine Fast Red F, 1-1/2 lb. Anthracene Yellow C, and 5 lb. acetate
of ammonia. Work for half an hour; then add 5 lb. bisulphate of soda
and work for half an hour longer, then add 3 lb. fluoride of chrome,
and work for half an hour at the boil.
Bright Golden Brown.--Use 3/4 lb. Diamine Fast Red F, 1-1/2 lb.
Anthracene Yellow C, 5 lb. bisulphate of soda, as indicated in the
last recipe. The shades so obtained are very fine, and have the merit
of being fast to washing and light.
Chestnut.--Give a medium indigo bottom in the vat, then dye in a
bath containing 1-3/4 lb. Anthracene Yellow C, 1 lb. Diamine Fast
Red F, and 5 lb. bisulphate of soda. Work again for half an hour, then
add 3 lb. fluoride of chrome, and work again for another half hour;
lift, wash and dry.
Dark Brown.--Use a dye-bath containing 1-1/4 lb. Diamine Fast Red F,
3/4 lb. Anthracene Yellow C, 1-1/2 lb. Anthracite Black B, and 5 lb.
acetate of ammonia. After half an hour's boiling, add 5 lb. bisulphate
of soda, work half an hour longer, add 3 lb. fluoride of chrome, and
work together another half hour; then lift, wash and dry.
Brown.--A very fine shade can be dyed in the following way: First
give a medium indigo bottom in the vat, then mordant in a bath
containing 3 lb. bichromate of potash and 2-1/2 lb. tartar, and
finally dye in a bath made from 1-1/2 lb. Alizarine Orange R, 4 lb.
Diamond Flavine, and 2 lb. acetic acid.
Dark Seal.--Give a medium indigo bottom in the vat, and Mordant with
3 lb. bichromate of potash and 2-1/2 lb. tartar, and finally dye in a
bath containing 3-1/2 lb. Alizarine Orange R, 1 lb. Anthracene
Brown R, 2 lb. Diamond Flavine, and 2 lb. acetic acid.
Brown.--A full shade is dyed by first mordanting with 3 lb. (p. 164)
bichromate of potash and 2 lb. tartar, and then dyeing with 10 lb.
Anthracene Brown W, and 1 lb. Mordant Yellow.
Buff.--Mordant as in the last, and dye with 5 lb. Anthracene
Brown W, and 1/4 lb. Mordant Yellow O.
Nut.--Mordant with 3 lb. bichromate of potash and 1 lb. oxalic acid,
and dye with 20 lb. Diamond Brown.
Pale Old Gold Brown.--Mordant as in the last, and dye with 5 lb.
Diamond Brown.
Dark Violet Brown.--Mordant as in the last recipes, and dye with
30 lb. Chrome Brown R.
Bright Chestnut.--Mordant with 3 lb. bichromate of potash and 1 lb.
sulphuric acid, and dye with 30 lb. Gambine R.
Pale Chestnut.--Mordant as in the last recipes, and dye with 20 lb.
Gambine Y.
Olive Brown.--Mordant as in the last recipes, and dye with 10 lb.
Gambine B. The browns dyed with Gambine have the merit of being fast
to milling and light.
Dark Brown.--Mordant with 3 lb. bichromate of potash and 2-1/2 lb.
tartar; then dye with 15 lb. Alizarine Brown.
Bright Buff.--Mordant as in the last recipe; then dye with 4-3/4 lb.
Alizarine Brown, 4 lb. Alizarine Yellow, 1-3/4 oz. Alizarine Blue
D N W, and 2 lb. acetic acid.
Dark Violet Brown.--Mordant with 3 lb. bichromate of potash and
2-1/2 lb. tartar. Then dye with 18 lb. Alizarine Brown, 6 lb.
Alizarine Orange H, and 2 lb. acetic acid.
Dark Walnut.--Mordant with 3 lb. bichromate of potash and 1 lb.
sulphuric acid; then dye with 8 lb. Alizarine Brown, 2 lb. Alizarine
Red 3 W S, and 2 lb. Alizarine Yellow G G W.
More
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Alder Bark
The bark and twigs of alder are used for dyeing brown and black. For 1 lb. wool use 1 lb. alder bark. Boil the wool with it for 2 hours, when it should be a dull reddish brown. Add 1/2 oz. copper as for every pound of wool for black. ... Alum
This is the most generally used of all the mordants, and has been known as such from early times in many parts of the world. For most colours a certain proportion of cream of tartar should be added to the alum bath as it helps to brighten the ultima... Appendix
=Testing Textile Fabrics.= This is an age of adulteration, and next to food there is probably no commodity that is adulterated as much as the clothing we wear. Large purchasers of textile fabrics and various administrative bodies, such as army clo... Artificial Silk
=Silk Cotton.= On account of the high price of silk various attempts have been made to find satisfactory substitutes for it. There are certain seed coverings of plants that contain very fine hair-like fibers with a luster almost equal to silk, but... Barberry
The roots and bark of Berberis Vulgaris is used principally for silk dyeing, without a mordant. The silk is worked at 50 deg. to 60 deg.C. in a solution of the dye wood slightly acidified with sulphuric, acetic or tartaric acid. For dark shades mord... Blue Shades On Wool
There are a very large number of blue artificial dyes of every class, but only a few natural ones, indigo and logwood, and with these every imaginable tint and shade of blue from the palest sky tints to the darkest navy blue or blue black can be pro... Boiling Out
Before dyeing cotton in the raw state, or in yarn spun direct from the raw state, it must be boiled for several hours to extract its natural impurities. For dark colours water alone may be used, but for light and bright colours a weak solution of ca... Brazil Woods
Various leguminous trees, including lima, sapan and peach wood, dye red with alum and tartar, and a purplish slate colour with bichromate of potash. Some old dyers use Brazil wood to heighten the red of madder. CAMWOOD, BARWOOD, SANDALWOOD, or SA... British Dye Plants
On the introduction of foreign dye woods and other dyes during the 17th and 18th centuries, the native dye plants were rapidly displaced, except in some out of the way places such as the Highlands and parts of Ireland. Some of these British dye pl... Brown Shades On Wool
Brown is a very important colour, of which there is an infinite variety of shades and it can be dyed in a great variety of ways and from a variety of dye-stuffs, as will be seen on looking through the recipes which follow, although these do not by a... Catechu
Catechu (Cutch) is an old Indian dye for cotton. It can also be used for wool and silk, and gives a fine rich brown. It is obtained from the wood of various species of Areca, Acacia and Mimosa trees. Bombay Catechu is considered best for dyeing purp... Catechu Brown
The wool is boiled for 1 to 1-1/2 hours, with 10 to 20 per cent catechu, then sadden with 2 to 4 per cent of copper sulphate, ferrous sulphate, or chrome, at 100 deg.C., in a separate bath for 1/2 hour. ... Chrome
(Potassium dichromate. Bichromate of Potash.) Chrome is a modern mordant, unknown to the dyer of fifty years ago. It is excellent for wool and is easy to use and very effective in its action. Its great advantage is that it leaves the wool soft to ... Cochineal
The dried red bodies of an insect (Coccus Cacti) found in Mexico are named Cochineal. (1). PURPLE, CRIMSON AND SCARLET (For 1 lb. wool.) Mordant with Bichromate of Potash (3%). Dye for 1 to 2 hours with 3 oz. to 6 oz. cochineal. With alum morda... Copper
(Copper Sulphate, Verdigris, Blue Vitriol, Blue Copperas, Bluestone.) Copper is rarely used as a mordant. It is usually applied as a saddening agent, that is, the wool is dyed first, and the mordant applied afterwards to fix the colour. With crea... Cotton
Cotton is the down surrounding the seeds in pods of certain shrubs and trees growing in tropical and semi-tropical countries. First introduced into Europe by the Saracens, it was manufactured into cloth in Spain in the early 13th century. Cotton clo... Cotton
=Cotton.= Cotton is the most important vegetable fiber used in spinning. The cotton fiber is a soft, downy substance which grows around the cotton seed. When examined under the microscope it appears as a long twisted cell. Owing to the fact that t... Cotton Fabrics
=Albatross.= Cotton albatross cloth is a fabric made in imitation of a worsted fabric of the same name. It has a fleecy surface. The name is taken from the bird whose downy breast the finish of the fabric resembles. The warp is usually 28s cotton,... Drying
Following on the washing comes the final operation of the dyeing process, that of drying the dyed and washed goods. Now textile fabrics of all kinds after they have passed through dye-baths, washing machines, etc., contain a large amount of water, o... Dyeing And Finishing
=Dyeing.= When a fabric or fiber is impregnated with a uniform color over its whole surface, it is said to be "simply dyed." On the other hand, if distinct patterns or designs in one or more colors have been impressed upon a fabric, it is called p... Dyeing Machinery And Dyeing Manipulations
Wool is dyed in a variety of forms, raw, loose wool; partly manufactured fibre in the form of slubbing or sliver; spun fibres or yarns, in hanks or skeins and in warps, and lastly in the form of woven pieces. These different forms necessitate the ... Dyeing Machines
Dye-tubs and vats, such as those described above, have been largely superseded by machines in which the handling or working of the materials being dyed is effected by mechanical means. There have been a large number of dyeing machines invented, some... Dyeing Of Gloria
Gloria is a material which during the last few years has become of considerable importance as furnishing a fine lustrous fabric at a comparatively low price. The perfection to which the art of dyeing has attained and the facilities now available t... Dyeing Union (mixed Cotton And Wool) Fabrics
There is now produced a great variety of textile fabrics of every conceivable texture by combining the two fibres, cotton and wool, in a number of ways. The variety of these fabrics has of late years considerably increased, which increase may be l... Dyer's Broom
Genista Tinctoria. The plant grows on waste ground. It should be picked in June or July and dried. It can be used with an alum and tartar mordant and gives a good bright yellow. It is called greening weed and used to be much used for greening blue w... Experimental Dyeing And Comparative Dye Testing
Every dyer ought to be able to make experiments in the mordanting and dyeing of textile fibres for the purpose of ascertaining the best methods of applying mordants or dye-stuffs, the best methods of obtaining any desired shade, and for the purpos... Fibers
All the materials used in the manufacture of clothing are called textiles and are made of either long or short fibers. These fibers can be made into a continuous thread. When two different sets of threads are interlaced, the resulting product is c... Flax
=Flax.= Flax or linen occupies the first position in the group of stem fibers,[18] being not only the oldest, but next to cotton the most important vegetable spinning material known. Its value is increased by the fact that the flax plant readily a... Green
Green results from the mixing of blue and yellow in varying proportions according to the shade of colour required. Every dyer has his particular yellow weed with which he greens his blue dyed stuff. But the best greens are undoubtedly got from w... Green Shades On Wool
Of green shades there is an infinite variety, and these can be dyed in several ways. Either a simple green dye-stuff may be used or mixtures of blue and yellow dye-stuffs may be employed, this latter method being extremely common. It is somewhat int... Heather
Most of the heathers make a yellow dye, but the one chiefly used is the Ling, Calluna vulgaris. The tips are gathered just before flowering. They are boiled in water for about half-an-hour. The wool, previously mordanted with alum or chrome accordin... Hemp
=Hemp= is a fiber that is obtained from the hemp plant. It grows principally in Russia, Poland, France, Italy, Asia, India, the Philippines, Japan, and some parts of the United States--Kentucky, Missouri, Tennessee, Ohio, Indiana, and New York. Th... History Of Lace
Lace, like porcelain, stained glass, and other artistic things, has always been an object of interest to all classes. Special patterns of laces date from the sixteenth century. The church and court have always encouraged its production. While the ea... History Of Manufacturing
=Spinning.= Spinning and weaving are two of the earliest arts practised by man. Yarn for the making of cloth was spun in the earliest times by the use of the distaff and spindle. The spindle was a round stick of wood a foot or less in length, taperi... History Of Textiles
The three fundamental industries that have developed from necessity are the feeding, sheltering, and clothing of the human race. These primary wants were first gratified before such conveniences as transportation and various lines of manufacture wer... History Of The Organization Of Textile Industries
The development of the textile industry may be divided into four stages or periods: first, the family system; second, the guild system; third, the domestic system; and fourth, the factory system. =The Family System.= Under the family system the wo... Hydrosulphite-soda Vat For Wool
2 ozs. powdered indigo. 7 fluid ozs. Caustic Soda solution (SG 1.2). 4 pints Sodium Hydrosulphite (SG 1.1). The Stock Solution.--Take 2 ozs. of well pounded indigo, with enough warm water (120 deg.F.) to make a paste, and grind in a pestle and m... Indigo
Indigo is the blue matter extracted from a plant Indigofera tinctoria and other species, growing in Asia, South America and Egypt. It reaches the market in a fine powder, which is insoluble in water. There are two ways of dyeing with Indigo. It may ... Indigo Extract 4 To 6 Lbs Wool
Mordant[E] 25% Alum. Stir 2 to 3 ozs. Indigo extract into the water of dye bath. The amount is determined by the depth of shade required. When warm, enter the wool and bring slowly to boiling point (about 1/2 an hour) and continue boiling for anothe... Indigo Vat Tin For Wool
To 2 quarts of water add 1/4 lb. lime, and make hot. Then add 1 oz. indigo pounded up with a little of the lime water; let it stand and get warmer. Pound up 1/2 oz. tin, Stannous Chloride, in a little lime water and add, together with 1/2 oz. zinc. ... Iron
(Ferrous Sulphate, copperas, green vitriol.) Iron is one of the oldest mordants known and is largely used in wool and cotton dyeing. It is almost as important as alum. The temperature of the mordanting bath must be raised very gradually to boiling... Kermes
Kermes, or Kerms, from which is got the "Scarlet of Grain" of the old dyers, is one of the old insect dyes. It is considered by most dyers to be the first of the red dyes, being more permanent than cochineal and brighter than madder. In the 10th cen... Knitting
The art and process of forming fabrics by looping a single thread, either by hand with slender wires or by means of a machine provided with hooked needles, is called knitting. Crocheting is an analogous art, but differs from knitting in the fact t... Lace
=Lace.= Lace is the name applied to an ornamental open work of threads of flax, cotton, silk, gold, or silver, and occasionally of mohair or aloe fiber. The latter are used by the peasants of Italy and Spain. Lace consists of two parts, the grou... Lace Terms Defined
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